Download haiducii - visual rau

With Tristan and Isolde, the courtly vision of love takes several steps forward, until it turns into something different. The heroic and idyllic that assured the substance of such an Eros take a turn towards the passionate.

This novel, Denis de Rougemont considers, represents the birth moment of Occidental passion-love, as a manifestation pointed against the Christian vision regarding marriage and as an extension of the pagan view regarding the Eros9.

Love, this time fulfilled and fatal, consummated but never exhausted, since the lovers are aware of the risks of the freedom to love each other and prefer to invent themselves barriers to preserve, prolongs and enhances the feeling. One of the laws of passion-love, Denis de Rougemont points out, is adversity: the feeling is to be always contradicted by the social, by the objective dimensions of existence.

To overcome the obstacle when it exists, to invent it when it has been abolished. The permanent challenge triggers a re-nurturing of experience. That is why loves-of-passion are tumultuous but shortlived. How could a marriage, a life-long engagement, last so long? Tristan and Isolde shifts the usual emphasis in the chivalrous novel: it is firstly a novel of love, and only secondly one of adventure.

After the chansons de geste i. The latter associates love with erotic adventure: you must deserve the beloved woman and prove your worth through exploits of courage, which indirectly value her own worth.

Thus, the chivalrous novel paints the picture of a single class, a class distinct by its significance and superiority from the others which function in the register of the comical or the grotesque11 , expressing the belief that serious and important things can happen only to those worthy of adventure.

Hence comes also the divorce that the chivalrous novel establishes with reality and, as a result, its natural tendency towards forged worlds which satisfy an idealistic and elitist vocation. It is the story of Tristan and the queen Isolde. A perfect couple, perfectly synchronized, both in the moment of falling in love and in that of dying.

Between these two moments there is life, true life. For the two protagonists, united by an androgynous bond, feel they are truly alive only as long as they are together, body and soul. Together, death haunts them; apart, they can neither live nor die. Beyond the unifying sense of their materiality in the text, both the hazel tree and the rose bush are signs of the picking roses as in the Novel of the Rose , or of a love that offers itself up completely This atypical chivalrous novel has only three female characters: Isolde the Blonde, the servant Brangain, and the White Handed Isolde.

Both servant and friend, Brangain should be a ficelle-character, object in the hand of intrigues, a confidant and a mediator, i. But, in spite of her secondary role, it is from her — as the novel shows — that the great erotic action starts, she is the trigger. Because Brangain does not do what she is supposed to do: to accompany Isolde to Cornuailles Cornwall and to give the spouses a drink of magic potion.

I, vol. Weighed down by her guilt, and to save the honour of her mistress, she accepts serenely to become her double in the wedding bed. The other Isolde is also a double, or rather a copy, she is the marital replica of the first Isolde.

Tristan admits that he chose her for two reasons: her name the obsession with denomination in medieval literature! Both remind him of the original. This episode represents the basis for a clear, theoretical debate regarding the separation of love and pleasure. We are not talking here of a lower limit for pleasure, or of an inclination towards bodily pleasures so badly censured in the Middle Ages; for both White Handed Isolde and Marc are select, noble beings who deserve to be loved for who they are.

White Handed Isolde is the negative image of the first; she is Isolde the Blonde married, a sort of What if…? The novel tells us that the function of destiny is carried by the wine of love. Who is to blame in this whole amorous intrigue?

The lovers always say and swear serenely that it is not them, but the potion, that potion which was to be guarded by Brangain. But, if we revise the precepts, we see that it is destiny which starts to manifest itself, like earlier in the Hellenistic novel, in the shape of terrible coincidences that bring together in the same place a group of characters and make them share a common journey. Then, deadly wounded after the battle with Morholt, he is driven by the waves of the sea to the shores of Ireland, where he is healed by Isolde.

He rises from the dead and returns to the adoptive country of his uncle. And finally, there is the scene of the bath, where Tristan catches the full attention of the girl who discovers him to be the killer of Morholt, his uncle. Thus, before love there is attraction, but also hatred, which can develop into its opposite. But Isolde discovers that she has been won for someone else, that she is a marital stake, a warrant of peace.

The wine of love Nothing can escape the rigorously developed system of medieval symbolism, least of all a central symbol, on which the entire amorous story is built. The potion that the two unsuspectingly drink works, on the plan of the epic evolution, in a way similar to that of the biblical apple that casts the primordial couple into sin; just like the apple, the wine is a classic symbol for knowledge and initiation, of fully embracing life.

The wine sheds warmth, it inspires, it tames and makes people better let us not forget that, during the sea voyage, Isolde feels fury and helpless hatred towards this stranger who has deceived her and who is now taking her to an unknown fate.

The novel allows, and even suggests, a symbolic reading repeatedly. Then its power bursts out suddenly, and the two lovers abandon themselves to their senses. She herself will interpret things in this way when, Jean Verdon, op. In his book, Jean Verdon elaborates on the path of conquest — seeing, talking courting someone , touching, making love — which verifies in this case, too p.

You were thirsty, do you remember, daughter of king? We both drank from the same cup. If the potion can also have the actual meaning of aphrodisiac, it is not this sense which decides the story. It is a magic dog, a present from a fairy, which Tristan gains somewhat by force from the duke Gilain of Wales as a reward for saving him of the giant Urgant the Hairy, and which he then sends to Isolde.

By means of the bell it carries under his neck, this dog has — just like the lotus flower in The Odyssey — the power of curing sadness and bringing oblivion for any pain. Isolde discovers the secret and, since she finds it unfair that she should forget while Tristan, unable to forget, should suffer, she throws the bell into the sea. Another obstacle that is overcome, a new launch for the epic. The narrator hastens to point out such differences, and to contradict other story tellers who claim that in the morning, when Isolde took her place in his bed, the king drank what was left of the wine given to him by Brangain, while the queen threw her drink out.

This is the part the filter should have played. Love-daimon vs. Besides, a narrative comment comes to solve the problem. On the non-realistic plan, a decisive function is performed by a miracle of Christian extraction that authorizes such a relationship.

My sweet uncle, if only God would help me to prove my innocence through battle, if only I could wear again the armour and helmet to serve you! Whenever they need to, the two lovers do not hesitate to exculpate themselves transferring all the responsibility upon the filter — upon a power they cannot control — and we have no reason to suspect them of hypocrisy. Also, there are numerous parts in which each of them swears not to love the other with a guilty love, and in each of these cases the name of God is invoked.

It is not the deed that proves the crime, but the judgment. People can see the deed, but God can see the hearts, He alone is the true judge. In terms of prototypes, the Middle Ages propose as central character an elaborate, apparently paradoxical figure, that of the Donna angelicata, the spiritualized woman who has given birth to this specific erotic reality, that of courtly love. III, , p. Destined to be the perfect wife, not only devoted to her husband, but also in love with him, Isolde fails or surpasses herself in her role of a mistress, she unwillingly becomes a Venusian woman, condemned to live a double life.

But before everything else she is, just like her mother, a sorceress, a Circe who knows the secrets of magic herbs and — metaphorically or not — exploits the addictive power of a love potion. A good addiction, if it is administered to the right person. Such magical power derives from the nocturnal, irrational and abyssal element inherent in the vital feminine force, and it is a limited one, susceptible to degenerate into witchcraft, as opposed to the high magic inherent in the power of the male lineage An Isolde promised to another is a magnet that attracts the iron with even greater force, i.

Under this perspective, Isolde is a seductress till the end as, although it would have been in her power to remove the spell by administrating the antidote, the cure-inducing oblivion, she avoids breaking the invisible threads that bind her from a distance to Tristan, and thus she takes upon herself the responsibility of the bond.

She does it following her erotic instinct, which equals the instinct of suffering and of death. A romantic as well as universal view of love, because the love-death dichotomy, with its entire arsenal of emotions that pertain to the voluptuousness of suffering is typical to any intense erotic impulse that aims to assimilate the other until individualities are annulled, and it presupposes a component of cruelty just as specific for the total, fatal, extreme love.

Let us imagine a possible epic alternative: Tristan discovers that he was forgotten, he returns to his new wife for good, and the entire love story ends with the triumph on both sides of the conjugal love. Great love is also an act of clear-sighted construction, of reason and will, not only of uncontrollable spell. Just as freely will Isolde act when Tristan calls her to Brittany, to heal him again. For the novel exceeds the conflict among religions exposing very personal views, it illustrates a violation of feudal 19 Ibidem, p.

What does it ultimately tell us? That absolute love is beyond ethics, that it brings about a revelation of inner freedom, that it pertains to a superior, a divine kind of magic, which is so much more than respecting a marital contract, even in the case of a happy marriage.

We owe to the Middle Ages the thematisation of the woman as an example of physical and spiritual beauty; but with the novel Tristan and Isolde, the woman becomes something more than a mere example and an image, she acquires flesh and consciousness without giving up her transcendental attributes. What has been handed down to us from the heroic epics regarding the classic role of the woman? Not much. He parts with her so as to have reason for bringing her closer. The woman is no longer a banner to wave to the world, but a great secret and an absolute intimacy.

From the most rigid and indoctrinated age, the revelation comes of the existence of such a love. Conjugal love is in the service of the social; the other kind is opposed to it, destabilizing, sinister here on earth, because its laws contradict everything that is order, hierarchy, caste, status.

Drimba, Ovidiu, Istoria literaturii universale, vol. Duby, Georges, Evul Mediu masculin. Evola, Julius, Metafizica sexului, ed. Huizinga, Johan, Amurgul Evului Mediu. Of all the forms of personal writing, of all the autobiographical practices, it is undoubtedly the most widely spread. Everyone has or has had a diary … And nevertheless, this …mass practice aroused little curiosity from the part of specialists and of those interested more closely in the autobiographical genre.

My purpose is to observe and describe this attempt to manage the daily time starting in particular with a special organization of the writing space this study takes into account only the year Keywords: agenda, diary, intellectual societies, fragmentary writing.

Paul Desjardins. Westercamp, R. Nussbaum, Mme M. Poincenot, Melle L. Chomette, Concordia, Melle Regert. Comme on le sait, il y en a des journaliers, des hebdomadaires, des mensuels ou des annuels. Comme un… agenda! Samedi 8 mars Jean de D. Cauchemars et insomnie. Paon splendide. Promenade dans le parc et conversation avec Mme Mayrisch.

Encore comme dans un Lanux » le 12 mai « Lettre digne de respect de Mme Lemains. Ruelle du Chaudron. Lecture de avec elle lettres de M. Hors du temps. Oubli du parapluie dans le compartiment. Bon et simple accueil. Il y a de temps en temps de niaiser Le soir reconduit M. Alors, des carnets? Bonsoir paisible. Est-ce repos? Est-ce paresse? Tout va bien. Lecture ensemble d'un peu de Lequier et de l'Agenda que voici.

Beau temps frais — neige durcie sur le sol. Il a plu toute la nuit. Manuscrits et autobiographie, sous la dir. Eminescu introduces the country life in his works, but the world of fairytales belonging to the gold age, without time and space, makes the poet dream of a beautiful world, of the endless life spectacle. Reality and dream grow and live together. Keywords: romanticism, fantasy, rusticity, dream.

II, p. I-VII I. Poezii; II. Fragmentarium; IV-V. Note de curs. Competence fields: Romanian Literature and Literary Folklore. She has published in the collective volume Great Figures of Modernity and in specialised journals from Arad and Oradea, as well as in "Theology" and "The Psychology of Banat".

Funeriu Language and Literature Abstract: False pretences lead to misrepresentation, even though the underlying judgement may be correct. In this article, the author tries to illustrate this theoretical implication through concrete examples, criticising the subjective dichotomy between language and literature that our schools sometimes create.

Keywords: language, literature, didacticism, textualism. Vezi Language and Style, Oxford, , p. Errare humanum est, [sed] perseverare diabolicum Exemplu comentat de Jacques Byck. Moschus, engl. Fields of expertise: Stylistics, Versification, Textology.

They fell for freedom. A grief song and a song of triumph, published in and dedicated to the Romanian soldiers who gave their lives for a free and united country during WWI. Keywords: memorial, sublime, rhetoric, ethical. Panta G. Editura Minerva, , p.

El, tocmai, nu este sublimul estetic. Tratatul despre sublim al unui autor necunoscut. Arte poetice. Ei au dat nu «jertfa», ci fapta. Ibidem, p. Pippidi, vol. Dan Botta, Scrieri, vol. Editura Eminescu, , p. Ce era fiecare din ei pentru a voi ce voia? Aurelius Commodus. Co-authored 12 collective volumes on poetic language, versification, etc. The processes that appear at a semantic level in advertisements are highlighted: the polysemy, the antinomy, word composition, the transformation of the grammatical category of the words.

Also taken into consideration is the inflow of foreign words into the language used in advertising, but also the elevated elements from the language of advertisements, or vague words and expletive expressions from the structure of advertisements. The theoretical aspects are accompanied by examples. Keywords: advertising, advertisement, semantics. Ce ne spune acest lucru?

Iordan, V. Vezi bine, este avantajos. Vocabularul cel mai des exploatat al reclamelor de la noi e cel al limbii engleze. Fii COOL! V, nr. Serie limitada.

Cana cum laudae sic! Reclama la vodka Smirnoff ne spune: You drink it for what it is O bei pentru ceea ce este. Journalism: Insider or Outsider, Ankara, Arta interviului. Gillian Dyer, op. Norm versus Usage Abstract: Word order and the sentence syntax are flexible in the Romanian language, but there are situations when they become strict in order to avoid the confusion that may occur between the syntactic functions throughout communication.

It often happens that the constituents of the sentences and the sentences become the subject of the subordinated equivalent, breaching the word order rules and generating ambiguous communication or even special stylistic effects in the works of fiction or in ordinary speech. Keywords: word order, dependency relations, constituents of clause, syntactic dependency, expressivity, stylistic effects. Constantinescu-Dobridor, op. A statistical assessment on the reliability of long-range comparisons Dan Ungureanu Abstract: The article takes into discussion the reliability of long-range comparison and of linguistic comparisons generally.

The article also studies the mass comparison versus the classic arborescent taxonomy. After taking into account the factor of chance in linguistic comparison, the author discusses parameters in which long-range comparison remains possible.

Keywords: glottochronology, factor of chance in language comparison, historical linguistics, taxonomy. If the historical link between two or more languages is still recent, say, between three and six thousand years, their affinity is still noticeable, maybe obvious. If it is very old, the affinity fades, because very few apparent cognates remain, and the phonetical erosion and the lexical replacement wipe out the resemblance. The little that remains does not overpass the threshold of accidental resemblance, possible between any two languages.

If two pairs of languages, A-B and C-D, both pairs having the same number very few resemblances, how could we tell that the resemblances between A-B are very old cognates, and the resemblances between C-D are mere coincidences, due to the shortness of the radicals and the fuzziness of the meaning?

We will suggest in the following article a method to distinguish deep relationship from mere random coincidence. The method of patterning. The most stable radicals had the smallest coefficients. If given two pairs of vocabularies, for instance Basque and Amuzgo, and another pair of related lexica, Albanian and Tocharian, for instance we will find, in both instances, a few similarities, approximately the same number.

The most important difference is that the similarities between the first pair are chaotically, arbitrarily distributed in the vocabulary, whereas the Albanian and Tocharian cognates, very few, will be concentrated in the core vocabulary. While the first pairs were randomly, arbitrarily distributed in the vocabulary, the last clustered around the words with the smallest coefficients, thus confirming our assumptions.

Another hundred or so radicals are absent or not attested in only one or two languages. Yukaghir met. Proto-Mongolian Mongolian bi, minu gen. II sg. I, Append. TLE 35 Pfiflig, Etruskische… p. The possibility arises to compare more linguistic families. I dual. Niger-Congo is composed of Mande, which separated the first from this phylum, the Atlantic group, from which the Ijo languages branched later, separating themselves from Volta-Congo.

The next to branch out was Dogon. These are the sub-groupings of Niger-Congo. Kwa Eburneo-Dahomeyan I sg. They are offered here conditionally. There are three principal Khoisan groups, Central, Northern and Southern. Central 13 languages : Called also Khoe. Kung : m, me, mi; ma, mi Sn. The requirements we posed for proving kinship — phonetical identity, mono-semantism, low Dyen replacement coefficient, existence of the radical in all languages of a family — are very strict.

In other terms, the kinship between Indo-European, Uralic and Altaic is better proved that the unity of the Semito-Hamitic family. The statistical probabilistic method leaves little space for approximation and fuzziness in the historical comparison. It is described, among others, in the commendable Robert R.

Ratcliffe used the uncommon opportunity to compare two etymological dictionaries of the same linguistic family, the result of the researches of two independent teams and published simultaneously. His conclusions, never really expressed, are that neither prove the relationship between Berber, Egyptian, Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic and Omotic linguistic families through lexical comparison. Does this one radical, if we ignore the morphological arguments prove the relationship between these six families?

The answer is yes: the pronoun we has a very small Dyen coefficient. In Indo-European, it is absent only in Armenian and should, therefore, be considered as very old and very stable. The wider the distribution of a radical in a family, the older the radical is. Is long-range comparison possible and meaningful? Taking into account all the lexicostatistical methodological critics of the published attempts at deeper linguistic regrouping, we propose a tentative, crude way of assessing the relationship between distant languages.

We chose the pronoun we and we compared its form in various proto-languages. We then counted the total number of protolanguages taken into account, the total of radicals with the same meaning, the total of corresponding radicals. If the equivalents cluster around the nucleus of Swadesh words with the smallest Dyen replacement rate, the languages are related.

Omotic 1 sg. This is the only Semito-Hamitic radical attested in all linguistic families and all languages of the Semito-Hamitic phylum. We quoted all occurrences in order to highlight the widespread diffusion and time-depth of this radical, unlike all others.

Very lacunary data. Data according to Ehret. Niger-Congo unreconstructed. Kru divergent. Oto-Mangue spoken in Mexico. It is very different, typologically, from other language families. South America Proto-Carib : 1 pl. Carijona anja, Yukpa nan. Proto-Panoan : 28 languages spoken in Peru and Brasil.

Spoken in Brazil, 76 languages. Possesive plural Ika niwi, Kogui nauiwhi, Dimina nawi, Chimila naara. Barbacoa : Guambiano, Totoro nam. Proto-Tucano 25 languages divergent. Papua New Guinea phylum : The Trans-New Guinea phylum is composed of less than five hundred languages, grouped in about 26 families and 13 isolates.

The grouping and sub-grouping of these languages is not yet completed, and there is no consensus about it. Wurm, p. These radicals deserve our attention for many reasons. They belong to the very core of the language : languages do seldom have synonymous pronouns and never borrow them.

They are not subject to semantic shift or replacement. In any given language, they are certainly inherited. Furthermore, the sound m is one of the least affected by phonetic transformation. Evaluating Claims of Distant Linguistic Relationships.

Annexes et appendices. XXI, ser. B, nr. Brill, Leiden, New York, Edward Lipinski, Semitic Languages. Brill, Leiden, G. Nord-caucasian S. Starostin and S. Brill, Leida, Boston, Ervand V. Arinsko-enisejskie sootvetsvija, in Ketskij sbornik. Burrow and M. XVII, nr.

Wick R. Trager, Kiowa and Tanoan, American Anthropologist, 61, , p. Leslie Spier, Menasha, , pp. McQuown, Robert Wauchope, ed. XXIX, p. Salish Aert H. Kuipers, Toward a Salish etymological dictionary, Lingua 26, p. IJAL 16, , p. Primitive Central Otomian Reconstructions. Central Otomian. Pullum, eds. David Bendor-Samuel, Norman, Oklahoma, , pp. Palabras selectas de linguas indigenas de Colombia, Santafe de Bogota, Series A : Occasional papers. McElhanon, C.

A hermeneutic perspective Florea Lucaci Abstract: The topic this survey proposes for debate is the issue of truth in social sciences. Configuring the content of the notion of truth so that it should be functional within a social theory is a problematic matter. With hermeneutics, there is the possibility of unicity in the form of complementarity, as it regards truth both as a correspondence of propositions with the reality described, and at the same time, in relation with a cultural paradigm, with the interests for knowledge and the beliefs to be encountered in the existential project assumed.

Preliminary aspects Although it is generally accepted that the concepts man and society are the products of systematic elaboration i. By points of view I mean the veridical projections of various humanistic and social sciences.

Or, this entails several controversial aspects. In discussing rationality and knowledge in social sciences, we cannot ignore the lesson Kant teaches us regarding philosophical thinking, i. But the diversity of human and social experience is simply disconcerting. This explains why in social sciences, methodological monism is not possible in theoretic reconstruction; thus, we should rather refer to a complementarity of positivist and interpretative principles.

And yet, when supporting and justifying an autonomous methodology for social sciences, on the one hand, and adopting the criteria of rationality typical for nature sciences, on the other, a certain tension is generated.

In my opinion, in social sciences, we can identify problematic issues regarding method and truth implicitly by starting out from the very definition of those sciences. Theoretical knowledge regarding society took shape gradually, as social sciences developed and refined their methods of research and analysis.

These very positions insinuate discretely the issue of truth in social sciences, i. In relation to their truth-condition, I have in mind two situations: a. If we take as point of reference the theory of knowledge, then we must consider the correspondence between idea and reality, the internal coherence of the text, its role in explaining a certain state of facts, etc.

Truth as value of theoretic knowledge must be identified. This means that we have to give an answer to the question: If knowledge is the common object of social sciences, then should the principle of demarcation be applied to theoretic knowledge, i.

In his works, especially in The Poverty of Historicism, Popper upholds the idea that nature and society are realities of the same type, so that they can be studied by using the same scientific method. The method consists in putting hypotheses in relation with the possibility of negating them.

Only, in social sciences, this exercise generates dilemmas and contradictions. In social thinking science is relative and open-ended, because the testing of theories inevitably involves subjective aspects, too. On the other hand, I am not denying the fact that, in the field of the social also, the adjustment of a scientific system must be perceived and approached from the perspective of tradition, which regards truth as a correspondence with facts.

Nor am I altogether denying the idea that social sciences can assimilate methods characteristic for natural sciences.

Tips and tricks Learn how to set your availability status, stay up to date with the activity feed, and create group chats and coauthor shared files for real-time collaboration.

Watch tips and tricks. Microsoft Teams for Education Help drive the transition to inclusive online or hybrid learning, build confidence with remote learning tools, and maintain student engagement. Watch learning tools. Get the Teams mobile app. Send now. Your message is being sent. Your message has been sent, please check your device shortly.

Your message has been sent, please check your email shortly. We're sorry, an error occurred while sending your message. Please try again shortly. Please enter a valid digit phone number.

Format: or email address. That email address is not valid. Please enter your email address in valid format such as name example.